Holy Fatima

"""Website of Ayatullah Dr. Imran Liaquat Hussain"""

The branch of philosophy that is concerned with the nature of mental phenomena in general and the role of consciousness, sensation, perception, concepts, action, reasoning, intention, belief,memory, etc. in particular. Standard problems include those of free will, personal identity, mind-body problem, other minds, computationalism, etc. The philosophers of mind deal with metaphysics as it is concerned with the nature of mental phenomena, how mental phenomena are related to natural phenomena, and philosophical psychology broadly construed. Philosophy of psychology is sometimes considered as a subfield of philosophy of mind. However it is, perhaps, more closely related to philosophy of science.

While the great philosophical distinction between mind and body in western thought can be traced to the Greeks, it is to the seminal work of René Descartes. The history of philosophizing about the relation of body and mind since Descartes is the history of attempts to escape the Cartesian impasse. Early maneuvers of this sort, such as those of Malebranche, Spinoza, Leibniz, and the French materialists La Mettrie and Cabanis, were formulated in the context of metaphysics, in direct response to Cartesian dualism. Later views which arose in the 19th century needed to reconcile evidence from studies on the localization of cerebral function and on functional nervous disorders with prevailing theory in biology and psychology. These discussions reflected the newly accepted view that the brain serves as the organ of mind. Although these theories of mind/brain relations -- epiphenomenalism, interactionism,dual-aspect monism, and mind-stuff theory -- were formulated in the context of science, they too were oriented toward circumventing the Cartesian impasse. METAPHYSICS --- THAT WHICH COME AFTER --- PHYSICS –THE LATTER BEING THE STUDY OF NATURE IN GENERAL .THUS THE QUESTION OF METAPHYSICS ARISE OUT OF, BUT GO BEYOND..

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